标准库头文件 <filesystem> (C++17)

 

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标准库头文件

语言支持
<cstddef> <cstdlib> <version> (C++20) <limits> <climits>	<cfloat> <cstdint> (C++11) <stdfloat> (C++23) <new> <typeinfo>	<source_location> (C++20) <exception> <initializer_list> (C++11) <compare> (C++20)	<coroutine> (C++20) <csignal> <csetjmp> <cstdarg>
概念
<concepts> (C++20)
诊断
<stdexcept> <stacktrace> (C++23)	<cassert>	<cerrno>	<system_error> (C++11)
内存管理
<memory>	<memory_resource> (C++17)	<scoped_allocator> (C++11)
元编程
<type_traits> (C++11)	<ratio> (C++11)
通用实用程序
<utility> <tuple> (C++11) <optional> (C++17) <variant> (C++17)	<any> (C++17) <debugging> (C++26) <expected> (C++23) <bitset>	<functional> <typeindex> (C++11) <execution> (C++17)	<charconv> (C++17) <format> (C++20) <bit> (C++20)
字符串
<string_view> (C++17) <string>	<cctype> <cwctype>	<cstring> <cwchar>	<cuchar> (C++11)
容器
<array> (C++11) <deque> <forward_list> (C++11) <list>	<vector> <map> <set> <unordered_map> (C++11)	<unordered_set> (C++11) <queue> <stack> <flat_map> (C++23)	<flat_set> (C++23) <span> (C++20) <mdspan> (C++23) <inplace_vector> (C++26)
迭代器
<iterator>
范围
<ranges> (C++20)	<generator> (C++23)
算法
<algorithm>	<numeric>
数值
<cfenv> (C++11) <complex>	<random> (C++11) <valarray>	<cmath> <linalg> (C++26)	<numbers> (C++20)
时间
<chrono> (C++11)	<ctime>
本地化
<locale>	<clocale>	<codecvt> (C++11/17/26*)	<text_encoding> (C++26)
输入/输出
<iosfwd> <iostream> <ios> <streambuf>	<istream> <ostream> <iomanip> <print> (C++23)	<sstream> <spanstream> (C++23) <fstream> <syncstream> (C++20)	<filesystem> (C++17) <cstdio> <cinttypes> (C++11) <strstream> (C++98/26*)
正则表达式
<regex> (C++11)
并发支持
<stop_token> (C++20) <thread> (C++11) <atomic> (C++11) <rcu> (C++26)	<stdatomic.h> (C++23) <mutex> (C++11) <shared_mutex> (C++14)	<condition_variable> (C++11)   <semaphore> (C++20) <latch> (C++20)	<barrier> (C++20) <future> (C++11) <hazard_pointer> (C++26)
C 兼容性
<cstdbool> (C++11/17/20*)   <ccomplex> (C++11/17/20*)	<ctgmath> (C++11/17/20*)	<cstdalign> (C++11/17/20*)	<ciso646> (直到 C++20)

 

此头文件是 文件系统支持 库的一部分。

包含
<compare> (C++20)	三元比较运算符 支持
类
在命名空间 std::filesystem 中定义
path (C++17)	表示路径 (类)
filesystem_error (C++17)	在文件系统错误时抛出的异常 (类)
directory_entry (C++17)	目录条目 (类)
directory_iterator (C++17)	目录内容的迭代器 (类)
recursive_directory_iterator (C++17)	目录及其子目录内容的迭代器 (类)
file_status (C++17)	表示文件类型和权限 (类)
space_info (C++17)	有关文件系统上可用空间和空闲空间的信息 (类)
file_type (C++17)	文件的类型 (枚举)
perms (C++17)	识别文件系统权限 (枚举)
perm_options (C++17)	指定权限操作的语义 (枚举)
copy_options (C++17)	指定复制操作的语义 (枚举)
directory_options (C++17)	迭代目录内容的选项 (枚举)
file_time_type (C++17)	表示文件时间值 (typedef)
在命名空间 std 中定义
std::hash<std::filesystem::path> (C++17)	对 std::filesystem::path 的哈希支持 (类模板特化)
前向声明
在头文件 <functional> 中定义
在命名空间 std 中定义
hash (C++11)	哈希函数对象 (类模板)
函数
在命名空间 std::filesystem 中定义
u8path (C++17)(C++20 中已弃用)	从 UTF-8 编码的源创建 path (函数)
absolute (C++17)	组合绝对路径 (函数)
canonicalweakly_canonical (C++17)	组合规范路径 (函数)
relativeproximate (C++17)	组合相对路径 (函数)
copy (C++17)	复制文件或目录 (函数)
copy_file (C++17)	复制文件内容 (函数)
copy_symlink (C++17)	复制符号链接 (函数)
create_directorycreate_directories (C++17)(C++17)	创建新目录 (函数)
create_hard_link (C++17)	创建硬链接 (函数)
create_symlinkcreate_directory_symlink (C++17)(C++17)	创建符号链接 (函数)
current_path (C++17)	返回或设置当前工作目录 (函数)
exists (C++17)	检查路径是否引用现有的文件系统对象 (函数)
equivalent (C++17)	检查两个路径是否引用同一个文件系统对象 (函数)
file_size (C++17)	返回文件的大小 (函数)
hard_link_count (C++17)	返回引用特定文件的硬链接数量 (函数)
last_write_time (C++17)	获取或设置上次数据修改的时间 (函数)
permissions (C++17)	修改文件访问权限 (函数)
read_symlink (C++17)	获取符号链接的目标 (函数)
removeremove_all (C++17)(C++17)	删除文件或空目录 递归删除文件或目录及其所有内容 (函数)
rename (C++17)	移动或重命名文件或目录 (函数)
resize_file (C++17)	通过截断或零填充更改常规文件的大小 (函数)
space (C++17)	确定文件系统上的可用空闲空间 (函数)
statussymlink_status (C++17)(C++17)	确定文件属性 确定文件属性，检查符号链接目标 (函数)
temp_directory_path (C++17)	返回适合临时文件的目录 (函数)
文件类型
is_block_file (C++17)	检查给定路径是否引用块设备 (函数)
is_character_file (C++17)	检查给定路径是否引用字符设备 (函数)
is_directory (C++17)	检查给定路径是否引用目录 (函数)
is_empty (C++17)	检查给定路径是否引用空文件或目录 (函数)
is_fifo (C++17)	检查给定路径是否引用命名管道 (函数)
is_other (C++17)	检查参数是否引用其他文件 (函数)
is_regular_file (C++17)	检查参数是否引用常规文件 (函数)
is_socket (C++17)	检查参数是否引用命名 IPC 套接字 (函数)
is_symlink (C++17)	检查参数是否引用符号链接 (函数)
status_known (C++17)	检查文件状态是否已知 (函数)

概述

#include <compare>
 
namespace std::filesystem {
  // paths
  class path;
 
  // path non-member functions
  void swap(path& lhs, path& rhs) noexcept;
  size_t hash_value(const path& p) noexcept;
 
  // filesystem errors
  class filesystem_error;
 
  // directory entries
  class directory_entry;
 
  // directory iterators
  class directory_iterator;
 
  // range access for directory iterators
  directory_iterator begin(directory_iterator iter) noexcept;
  directory_iterator end(directory_iterator) noexcept;
 
  // recursive directory iterators
  class recursive_directory_iterator;
 
  // range access for recursive directory iterators
  recursive_directory_iterator begin(recursive_directory_iterator iter) noexcept;
  recursive_directory_iterator end(recursive_directory_iterator) noexcept;
 
  // file status
  class file_status;
 
  struct space_info {
    uintmax_t capacity;
    uintmax_t free;
    uintmax_t available;
 
    friend bool operator==(const space_info&, const space_info&) = default;
  };
 
  // enumerations
  enum class file_type;
  enum class perms;
  enum class perm_options;
  enum class copy_options;
  enum class directory_options;
 
  using file_time_type = chrono::time_point<chrono::file_clock>;
 
  // filesystem operations
  path absolute(const path& p);
  path absolute(const path& p, error_code& ec);
 
  path canonical(const path& p);
  path canonical(const path& p, error_code& ec);
 
  void copy(const path& from, const path& to);
  void copy(const path& from, const path& to, error_code& ec);
  void copy(const path& from, const path& to, copy_options options);
  void copy(const path& from, const path& to, copy_options options,
            error_code& ec);
 
  bool copy_file(const path& from, const path& to);
  bool copy_file(const path& from, const path& to, error_code& ec);
  bool copy_file(const path& from, const path& to, copy_options option);
  bool copy_file(const path& from, const path& to, copy_options option,
                 error_code& ec);
 
  void copy_symlink(const path& existing_symlink, const path& new_symlink);
  void copy_symlink(const path& existing_symlink, const path& new_symlink,
                    error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  bool create_directories(const path& p);
  bool create_directories(const path& p, error_code& ec);
 
  bool create_directory(const path& p);
  bool create_directory(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  bool create_directory(const path& p, const path& attributes);
  bool create_directory(const path& p, const path& attributes,
                        error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  void create_directory_symlink(const path& to, const path& new_symlink);
  void create_directory_symlink(const path& to, const path& new_symlink,
                                error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  void create_hard_link(const path& to, const path& new_hard_link);
  void create_hard_link(const path& to, const path& new_hard_link,
                        error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  void create_symlink(const path& to, const path& new_symlink);
  void create_symlink(const path& to, const path& new_symlink,
                      error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  path current_path();
  path current_path(error_code& ec);
  void current_path(const path& p);
  void current_path(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  bool equivalent(const path& p1, const path& p2);
  bool equivalent(const path& p1, const path& p2, error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  bool exists(file_status s) noexcept;
  bool exists(const path& p);
  bool exists(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  uintmax_t file_size(const path& p);
  uintmax_t file_size(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  uintmax_t hard_link_count(const path& p);
  uintmax_t hard_link_count(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  bool is_block_file(file_status s) noexcept;
  bool is_block_file(const path& p);
  bool is_block_file(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  bool is_character_file(file_status s) noexcept;
  bool is_character_file(const path& p);
  bool is_character_file(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  bool is_directory(file_status s) noexcept;
  bool is_directory(const path& p);
  bool is_directory(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  bool is_empty(const path& p);
  bool is_empty(const path& p, error_code& ec);
 
  bool is_fifo(file_status s) noexcept;
  bool is_fifo(const path& p);
  bool is_fifo(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  bool is_other(file_status s) noexcept;
  bool is_other(const path& p);
  bool is_other(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  bool is_regular_file(file_status s) noexcept;
  bool is_regular_file(const path& p);
  bool is_regular_file(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  bool is_socket(file_status s) noexcept;
  bool is_socket(const path& p);
  bool is_socket(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  bool is_symlink(file_status s) noexcept;
  bool is_symlink(const path& p);
  bool is_symlink(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  file_time_type last_write_time(const path& p);
  file_time_type last_write_time(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
  void last_write_time(const path& p, file_time_type new_time);
  void last_write_time(const path& p, file_time_type new_time,
                       error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  void permissions(const path& p, perms prms, perm_options opts=perm_options::replace);
  void permissions(const path& p, perms prms, error_code& ec) noexcept;
  void permissions(const path& p, perms prms, perm_options opts, error_code& ec);
 
  path proximate(const path& p, error_code& ec);
  path proximate(const path& p, const path& base = current_path());
  path proximate(const path& p, const path& base, error_code& ec);
 
  path read_symlink(const path& p);
  path read_symlink(const path& p, error_code& ec);
 
  path relative(const path& p, error_code& ec);
  path relative(const path& p, const path& base = current_path());
  path relative(const path& p, const path& base, error_code& ec);
 
  bool remove(const path& p);
  bool remove(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  uintmax_t remove_all(const path& p);
  uintmax_t remove_all(const path& p, error_code& ec);
 
  void rename(const path& from, const path& to);
  void rename(const path& from, const path& to, error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  void resize_file(const path& p, uintmax_t size);
  void resize_file(const path& p, uintmax_t size, error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  space_info space(const path& p);
  space_info space(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  file_status status(const path& p);
  file_status status(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  bool status_known(file_status s) noexcept;
 
  file_status symlink_status(const path& p);
  file_status symlink_status(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
  path temp_directory_path();
  path temp_directory_path(error_code& ec);
 
  path weakly_canonical(const path& p);
  path weakly_canonical(const path& p, error_code& ec);
}
 
// hash support
namespace std {
  template<class T> struct hash;
  template<> struct hash<filesystem::path>;
}
 
namespace std::ranges {
  template<>
  inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<filesystem::directory_iterator> = true;
  template<>
  inline constexpr bool
    enable_borrowed_range<filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator> = true;
 
  template<>
  inline constexpr bool enable_view<filesystem::directory_iterator> = true;
  template<>
  inline constexpr bool enable_view<filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator> = true;
}

类 std::filesystem::path

namespace std::filesystem {
  class path {
  public:
    using value_type  = /* see description */;
    using string_type = basic_string<value_type>;
    static constexpr value_type preferred_separator = /* see description */;
 
    // enumeration format
    enum format;
 
    // constructors and destructor
    path() noexcept;
    path(const path& p);
    path(path&& p) noexcept;
    path(string_type&& source, format fmt = auto_format);
    template<class Source>
      path(const Source& source, format fmt = auto_format);
    template<class InputIt>
      path(InputIt first, InputIt last, format fmt = auto_format);
    template<class Source>
      path(const Source& source, const locale& loc, format fmt = auto_format);
    template<class InputIt>
      path(InputIt first, InputIt last, const locale& loc, format fmt = auto_format);
    ~path();
 
    // assignments
    path& operator=(const path& p);
    path& operator=(path&& p) noexcept;
    path& operator=(string_type&& source);
    path& assign(string_type&& source);
    template<class Source>
      path& operator=(const Source& source);
    template<class Source>
      path& assign(const Source& source);
    template<class InputIt>
      path& assign(InputIt first, InputIt last);
 
    // appends
    path& operator/=(const path& p);
    template<class Source>
      path& operator/=(const Source& source);
    template<class Source>
      path& append(const Source& source);
    template<class InputIt>
      path& append(InputIt first, InputIt last);
 
    // concatenation
    path& operator+=(const path& x);
    path& operator+=(const string_type& x);
    path& operator+=(basic_string_view<value_type> x);
    path& operator+=(const value_type* x);
    path& operator+=(value_type x);
    template<class Source>
      path& operator+=(const Source& x);
    template<class ECharT>
      path& operator+=(ECharT x);
    template<class Source>
      path& concat(const Source& x);
    template<class InputIt>
      path& concat(InputIt first, InputIt last);
 
    // modifiers
    void  clear() noexcept;
    path& make_preferred();
    path& remove_filename();
    path& replace_filename(const path& replacement);
    path& replace_extension(const path& replacement = path());
    void  swap(path& rhs) noexcept;
 
    // non-member operators
    friend bool operator==(const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;
    friend strong_ordering operator<=>(const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;
 
    friend path operator/ (const path& lhs, const path& rhs);
 
    // native format observers
    const string_type& native() const noexcept;
    const value_type*  c_str() const noexcept;
    operator string_type() const;
 
    template<class ECharT, class Traits = char_traits<ECharT>,
             class Allocator = allocator<ECharT>>
      basic_string<ECharT, Traits, Allocator>
        string(const Allocator& a = Allocator()) const;
    std::string    string() const;
    std::wstring   wstring() const;
    std::u8string  u8string() const;
    std::u16string u16string() const;
    std::u32string u32string() const;
 
    // generic format observers
    template<class ECharT, class Traits = char_traits<ECharT>,
             class Allocator = allocator<ECharT>>
      basic_string<ECharT, Traits, Allocator>
        generic_string(const Allocator& a = Allocator()) const;
    std::string    generic_string() const;
    std::wstring   generic_wstring() const;
    std::u8string  generic_u8string() const;
    std::u16string generic_u16string() const;
    std::u32string generic_u32string() const;
 
    // compare
    int compare(const path& p) const noexcept;
    int compare(const string_type& s) const;
    int compare(basic_string_view<value_type> s) const;
    int compare(const value_type* s) const;
 
    // decomposition
    path root_name() const;
    path root_directory() const;
    path root_path() const;
    path relative_path() const;
    path parent_path() const;
    path filename() const;
    path stem() const;
    path extension() const;
 
    // query
    bool empty() const noexcept;
    bool has_root_name() const;
    bool has_root_directory() const;
    bool has_root_path() const;
    bool has_relative_path() const;
    bool has_parent_path() const;
    bool has_filename() const;
    bool has_stem() const;
    bool has_extension() const;
    bool is_absolute() const;
    bool is_relative() const;
 
    // generation
    path lexically_normal() const;
    path lexically_relative(const path& base) const;
    path lexically_proximate(const path& base) const;
 
    // iterators
    class iterator;
    using const_iterator = iterator;
 
    iterator begin() const;
    iterator end() const;
 
    // path inserter and extractor
    template<class CharT, class Traits>
      friend basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& os, const path& p);
    template<class CharT, class Traits>
      friend basic_istream<CharT, Traits>&
        operator>>(basic_istream<CharT, Traits>& is, path& p);
  };
}

类 std::filesystem::filesystem_error

namespace std::filesystem {
  class filesystem_error : public system_error {
  public:
    filesystem_error(const string& what_arg, error_code ec);
    filesystem_error(const string& what_arg,
                     const path& p1, error_code ec);
    filesystem_error(const string& what_arg,
                     const path& p1, const path& p2, error_code ec);
 
    const path& path1() const noexcept;
    const path& path2() const noexcept;
    const char* what() const noexcept override;
  };
}

类 std::filesystem::directory_entry

namespace std::filesystem {
  class directory_entry {
  public:
    // constructors and destructor
    directory_entry() noexcept = default;
    directory_entry(const directory_entry&) = default;
    directory_entry(directory_entry&&) noexcept = default;
    explicit directory_entry(const filesystem::path& p);
    directory_entry(const filesystem::path& p, error_code& ec);
    ~directory_entry();
 
    // assignments
    directory_entry& operator=(const directory_entry&) = default;
    directory_entry& operator=(directory_entry&&) noexcept = default;
 
    // modifiers
    void assign(const filesystem::path& p);
    void assign(const filesystem::path& p, error_code& ec);
    void replace_filename(const filesystem::path& p);
    void replace_filename(const filesystem::path& p, error_code& ec);
    void refresh();
    void refresh(error_code& ec) noexcept;
 
    // observers
    const filesystem::path& path() const noexcept;
    operator const filesystem::path&() const noexcept;
    bool exists() const;
    bool exists(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    bool is_block_file() const;
    bool is_block_file(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    bool is_character_file() const;
    bool is_character_file(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    bool is_directory() const;
    bool is_directory(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    bool is_fifo() const;
    bool is_fifo(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    bool is_other() const;
    bool is_other(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    bool is_regular_file() const;
    bool is_regular_file(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    bool is_socket() const;
    bool is_socket(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    bool is_symlink() const;
    bool is_symlink(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    uintmax_t file_size() const;
    uintmax_t file_size(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    uintmax_t hard_link_count() const;
    uintmax_t hard_link_count(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    file_time_type last_write_time() const;
    file_time_type last_write_time(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    file_status status() const;
    file_status status(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    file_status symlink_status() const;
    file_status symlink_status(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
 
    bool operator==(const directory_entry& rhs) const noexcept;
    strong_ordering operator<=>(const directory_entry& rhs) const noexcept;
 
    // inserter
    template<class CharT, class Traits>
      friend basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& os, const directory_entry& d);
 
  private:
    filesystem::path pathobject;        // exposition only
    friend class directory_iterator;    // exposition only
  };
}

类 std::filesystem::directory_iterator

namespace std::filesystem {
  class directory_iterator {
  public:
    using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
    using value_type        = directory_entry;
    using difference_type   = ptrdiff_t;
    using pointer           = const directory_entry*;
    using reference         = const directory_entry&;
 
    // member functions
    directory_iterator() noexcept;
    explicit directory_iterator(const path& p);
    directory_iterator(const path& p, directory_options options);
    directory_iterator(const path& p, error_code& ec);
    directory_iterator(const path& p, directory_options options,
                       error_code& ec);
    directory_iterator(const directory_iterator& rhs);
    directory_iterator(directory_iterator&& rhs) noexcept;
    ~directory_iterator();
 
    directory_iterator& operator=(const directory_iterator& rhs);
    directory_iterator& operator=(directory_iterator&& rhs) noexcept;
 
    const directory_entry& operator*() const;
    const directory_entry* operator->() const;
    directory_iterator&    operator++();
    directory_iterator&    increment(error_code& ec);
 
    bool operator==(default_sentinel_t) const noexcept {
      return *this == directory_iterator();
    }
 
    // other members as required by input iterators
  };
}

类 std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator

namespace std::filesystem {
  class recursive_directory_iterator {
  public:
    using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
    using value_type        = directory_entry;
    using difference_type   = ptrdiff_t;
    using pointer           = const directory_entry*;
    using reference         = const directory_entry&;
 
    // constructors and destructor
    recursive_directory_iterator() noexcept;
    explicit recursive_directory_iterator(const path& p);
    recursive_directory_iterator(const path& p, directory_options options);
    recursive_directory_iterator(const path& p, directory_options options,
                                 error_code& ec);
    recursive_directory_iterator(const path& p, error_code& ec);
    recursive_directory_iterator(const recursive_directory_iterator& rhs);
    recursive_directory_iterator(recursive_directory_iterator&& rhs) noexcept;
    ~recursive_directory_iterator();
 
    // observers
    directory_options  options() const;
    int                depth() const;
    bool               recursion_pending() const;
 
    const directory_entry& operator*() const;
    const directory_entry* operator->() const;
 
    // modifiers
    recursive_directory_iterator&
      operator=(const recursive_directory_iterator& rhs);
    recursive_directory_iterator&
      operator=(recursive_directory_iterator&& rhs) noexcept;
 
    recursive_directory_iterator& operator++();
    recursive_directory_iterator& increment(error_code& ec);
 
    void pop();
    void pop(error_code& ec);
    void disable_recursion_pending();
 
    bool operator==(default_sentinel_t) const noexcept {
      return *this == recursive_directory_iterator();
    }
 
    // other members as required by input iterators
  };
}

类 std::filesystem::file_status

namespace std::filesystem {
  class file_status {
  public:
    // constructors and destructor
    file_status() noexcept : file_status(file_type::none) {}
    explicit file_status(file_type ft,
                         perms prms = perms::unknown) noexcept;
    file_status(const file_status&) noexcept = default;
    file_status(file_status&&) noexcept = default;
    ~file_status();
 
    // assignments
    file_status& operator=(const file_status&) noexcept = default;
    file_status& operator=(file_status&&) noexcept = default;
 
    // modifiers
    void       type(file_type ft) noexcept;
    void       permissions(perms prms) noexcept;
 
    // observers
    file_type  type() const noexcept;
    perms      permissions() const noexcept;
 
    friend bool operator==(const file_status& lhs, const file_status& rhs) noexcept
      { return lhs.type() == rhs.type() && lhs.permissions() == rhs.permissions(); }
  };
}