C++ 属性: likely,unlikely (自 C++20 起)
来自 cppreference.com
允许编译器针对以下情况进行优化:包含该语句的执行路径比任何不包含该语句的替代执行路径更可能或更不可能。
内容 |
[编辑] 语法
[[likely]]
|
(1) | ||||||||
[[unlikely]]
|
(2) | ||||||||
[编辑] 说明
这些属性可以应用于标签和语句(除了声明语句)。它们不能同时应用于同一个标签或语句。
1) 应用于语句以允许编译器针对以下情况进行优化:包含该语句的执行路径比任何不包含该语句的替代执行路径更可能。
2) 应用于语句以允许编译器针对以下情况进行优化:包含该语句的执行路径比任何不包含该语句的替代执行路径更不可能。
当且仅当包含跳转到该标签的路径时,才认为一条执行路径包含一个标签。
int f(int i) { switch (i) { case 1: [[fallthrough]]; [[likely]] case 2: return 1; } return 2; }
i == 2 被认为比 i
的任何其他值更可能,但即使 i == 1 贯穿 case 2: 标签,[[likely]] 对这种情况没有影响。
[编辑] 示例
运行此代码
#include <chrono> #include <cmath> #include <iomanip> #include <iostream> #include <random> namespace with_attributes { constexpr double pow(double x, long long n) noexcept { if (n > 0) [[likely]] return x * pow(x, n - 1); else [[unlikely]] return 1; } constexpr long long fact(long long n) noexcept { if (n > 1) [[likely]] return n * fact(n - 1); else [[unlikely]] return 1; } constexpr double cos(double x) noexcept { constexpr long long precision{16LL}; double y{}; for (auto n{0LL}; n < precision; n += 2LL) [[likely]] y += pow(x, n) / (n & 2LL ? -fact(n) : fact(n)); return y; } } // namespace with_attributes namespace no_attributes { constexpr double pow(double x, long long n) noexcept { if (n > 0) return x * pow(x, n - 1); else return 1; } constexpr long long fact(long long n) noexcept { if (n > 1) return n * fact(n - 1); else return 1; } constexpr double cos(double x) noexcept { constexpr long long precision{16LL}; double y{}; for (auto n{0LL}; n < precision; n += 2LL) y += pow(x, n) / (n & 2LL ? -fact(n) : fact(n)); return y; } } // namespace no_attributes double gen_random() noexcept { static std::random_device rd; static std::mt19937 gen(rd()); static std::uniform_real_distribution<double> dis(-1.0, 1.0); return dis(gen); } volatile double sink{}; // ensures a side effect int main() { for (const auto x : {0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1. / (1 << 26)}) std::cout << std::setprecision(53) << "x = " << x << '\n' << std::cos(x) << '\n' << with_attributes::cos(x) << '\n' << (std::cos(x) == with_attributes::cos(x) ? "equal" : "differ") << '\n'; auto benchmark = [](auto fun, auto rem) { const auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now(); for (auto size{1ULL}; size != 10'000'000ULL; ++size) sink = fun(gen_random()); const std::chrono::duration<double> diff = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - start; std::cout << "Time: " << std::fixed << std::setprecision(6) << diff.count() << " sec " << rem << std::endl; }; benchmark(with_attributes::cos, "(with attributes)"); benchmark(no_attributes::cos, "(without attributes)"); benchmark([](double t) { return std::cos(t); }, "(std::cos)"); }
可能的输出
x = 0.125 0.99219766722932900560039115589461289346218109130859375 0.99219766722932900560039115589461289346218109130859375 equal x = 0.25 0.96891242171064473343022882545483298599720001220703125 0.96891242171064473343022882545483298599720001220703125 equal x = 0.5 0.8775825618903727587394314468838274478912353515625 0.8775825618903727587394314468838274478912353515625 equal x = 1.490116119384765625e-08 0.99999999999999988897769753748434595763683319091796875 0.99999999999999988897769753748434595763683319091796875 equal Time: 0.579122 sec (with attributes) Time: 0.722553 sec (without attributes) Time: 0.425963 sec (std::cos)
[编辑] 参考资料
- C++23 标准(ISO/IEC 14882:2024)
- 9.12.7 可能性属性 [dcl.attr.likelihood]
- C++20 标准(ISO/IEC 14882:2020)
- 9.12.6 可能性属性 [dcl.attr.likelihood]